A Typology of Event Integration in Language
			    Leonard Talmy
      Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science
	 University at Buffalo, State University of New York

In the conceptual organization of language, there is a fundamental and
pervasive event complex -- though one that is insufficiently
recognized -- that I term a "macro-event".  It consists of two parts,
a "framing event" and a "co-event".  These parts can be conceptually
integrated for expression by a single clause.  Five types of framing
event have been observed.  These are events of motion, of state
change, of temporal contouring (aspect understood as a separable
event), of action correlating, and of "realization".  Languages treat
these five types of framing event alike structurally, even though they
are semantically distinct, perhaps on the basis of some abstract
conceptual analogy that the latter four types bear to a motion event.
As for the co-event, it is a distinguishable event in close
association with the framing event that bears to it one of a certain
set of relations -- usually that of manner or of cause.

Languages fall into a two-category typology based on where they
characteristically represent the core of the framing event.
"Satellite-framed" languages -- such as English and Mandarin --
express the core of the framing event in a satellite to the main verb
(e.g., in the English verb particle).  "Verb-framed" languages -- such
as Spanish and Japanese -- represent the core of the framing event in
the main verb.

To illustrate, the path of a motion event is characteristically
represented by a satellite in a satellite-framed language like
English, as in (1a), but in the main verb in verb-framed languages in
a formulation something like that suggested in (1b).  The same pattern
holds for the changed state in an event of state change, as in (2);
for the aspectual contour in an event of temporal contouring, as in
(3); for the correlation in an event of action correlating, as in (4);
and for the concept of fulfillment in an event of realization, as in
(5).  (Note that in the suggestive (b) sentences, English has borrowed
the verb from Romance languages, which are verb-framed.)

 (1) a. The bottle floated in(to the cave).
     b. The bottle entered (the cave) floating.
 (2) a. The candle flickered out.
     b. The candle extinguished (itself) flickering.
 (3) a. They talked on.
     b. They continued talking.
 (4) a. She sang along (with the musicians).
     b. She joined / accompanied  the musicians singing.
 (5) a. The police hunted the fugitive down in 2 weeks.
         (cf. The police hunted the fugitive for 1 week).
     b. The police succeeded (had success) in hunting the fugitive.

The framing event not only contributes its specific semantic content,
but also determines much of the semantic structure of the whole
macro-event.  Thus, it determines all or most of the argument
structure and semantic character of the arguments, the overall aspect,
and the central import or "upshot" -- for example, what is denied
under negation.  For example, the sentence in (6a) denies that I
inserted popcorn into my mouth, but (6b), with the state-change
satellite 'up', denies that I exhausted the supply of popcorn but
presupposes that I inserted some into my mouth.

 (6) a. I didn't eat the popcorn.
     b. I didn't eat up the popcorn.